Spedizioni dalla Cina: Aria vs Mare vs Espresso - Guida completa 2026

Choosing the wrong shipping method when importing clothing from China can cost you thousands of dollars or result in stockouts during your busiest sales periods. Understanding the nuances of shipping from China is essential for optimizing costs, delivery times, and inventory management.

Many clothing brand owners default to whatever shipping method their factory suggests without understanding the trade-offs. This passive approach often results in paying express rates for shipments that could have traveled by sea, or waiting weeks for ocean freight when air cargo would have prevented a stockout crisis.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll break down every major shipping from China option for clothing imports. You’ll learn exactly when to use air freight, sea freight, or express services, how to calculate true shipping costs, and how to optimize your logistics strategy for maximum profitability.

Cosa imparerete in questa guida:

• Complete comparison of air freight, sea freight, and express shipping
• Real cost calculations with hidden fees revealed
• Transit time comparisons by destination
• How to choose the right shipping method for your specific situation
• Freight forwarder selection and management
• Customs clearance essentials
• Insurance and risk management
• Tips for reducing shipping costs

Overview of Shipping Methods from China

When planning shipping from China for your clothing orders, you have three primary options, each with distinct advantages, costs, and ideal use cases.

The Three Main Shipping Methods

Sea Freight (Ocean Shipping):

• Ideale per: Large shipments (500+ kg), non-urgent inventory
• Transit time: 20-40 days
• Costo: $300-800 per cubic meter (CBM)
• Best value for: Bulk orders where cost matters more than speed

Air Freight:

• Ideale per: Medium shipments (100-500 kg), time-sensitive inventory
• Transit time: 5-10 giorni
• Costo: $4-8 per kg
• Best value for: Mid-size orders where you need faster delivery than sea

Express Shipping (DHL, FedEx, UPS):

• Ideale per: Small shipments (under 100 kg), urgent deliveries
• Transit time: 3-7 giorni
• Costo: $6-12 per kg
• Best value for: Samples, small orders, emergency stock

Quick Decision Guide

Choose Sea Freight When:

• Order is 500+ kg or 2+ cubic meters
• You can wait 3-6 weeks for delivery
• Cost is more important than speed
• You’re ordering inventory for next season

Choose Air Freight When:

• Order is 100-500 kg
• You need delivery within 2 weeks
• Product has good margins to absorb higher shipping
• You’re restocking fast-moving items

Choose Express When:

• Order is under 100 kg
• You need delivery within 1 week
• It’s a sample order or emergency restock
• Time is more important than cost

Understanding Shipping Incoterms

Before comparing shipping methods, you need to understand Incoterms—the international commerce terms that define who pays for what:

FOB (Free On Board):

• Factory delivers goods to port and loads on vessel
• You pay for ocean freight, insurance, and destination costs
• Most common for sea freight

CIF (Costo, Assicurazione, Trasporto):

• Factory pays for shipping to your destination port
• You pay for destination port fees, customs, and delivery
• More expensive but simpler

EXW (Ex Works):

• You arrange pickup from factory
• Most control but most responsibility
• Usually only for very large companies

DDP (Delivered Duty Paid):

• Factory delivers to your door, pays all costs
• Most expensive but simplest for you
• Best for small brands who want simplicity

Il nostro consiglio: Start with FOB terms for sea freight (you control shipping) or DDP for air/express (simplicity). As you gain experience, you can optimize.

Image 1: Shipping Methods Overview Visual comparison showing three shipping methods side by side: container ship (sea), cargo airplane (air), and express delivery truck. Include key stats for each: typical transit time, cost range, and ideal shipment size.

Sea Freight (Ocean Shipping)

Sea freight is the most economical option for shipping from China when you have time and volume on your side.

How Sea Freight Works

The Process:

1. Factory delivers goods to Chinese port (FOB) or you arrange pickup (EXW)
2. Goods are loaded into shipping container
3. Container loaded onto vessel
4. Ocean transit to destination port (15-30 days)
5. Container unloaded at destination
6. Customs clearance and inspection
7. Delivery to your warehouse or distribution center

Container Types:

FCL (Full Container Load):

• You rent an entire 20-foot or 40-foot container
• 20-foot container: ~28 CBM capacity, ~20,000 kg max
• 40-foot container: ~58 CBM capacity, ~25,000 kg max
• Best when you have enough goods to fill most of a container

LCL (Less than Container Load):

• Your goods share container with other shipments
• You pay only for space you use (per CBM)
• Minimum charge: typically 1 CBM
• Best for smaller shipments that don’t fill a container

Sea Freight Costs

Base Ocean Freight Rates (2026 estimates):

FCL Rates (Full Container):

• 20-foot container: $1,000-2,500 depending on destination
• 40-foot container: $1,500-4,000 depending on destination
• Peak season (July-October): +20-40%
• Off-peak season: Standard rates or discounts

LCL Rates (Per Cubic Meter):

• Standard rate: $50-150 per CBM
• Minimum charge: 1 CBM (even if you ship 0.5 CBM)
• Density factor: Heavy goods may be charged by weight instead of volume

Additional Sea Freight Costs:

Origin Charges (China):

• Customs clearance: $100-200
• Port handling: $100-300
• Documentation: $50-150
• Container loading: $100-200
• Total origin: $350-850

Destination Charges (Your Country):

• Port handling: $200-500
• Customs clearance: $150-400
• Documentation: $100-200
• Container unloading: $150-300
• Delivery to warehouse: $200-800
• Total destination: $800-2,200

Other Potential Costs:

• Customs duties and taxes (varies by product and country)
• Inspection fees (if customs selects for inspection)
• Storage fees (if container sits at port too long)
• Demurrage (if you don’t return container on time)

Total Sea Freight Cost Example:

Shipment: 5 CBM of clothing (500 kg)
Route: Guangzhou to Los Angeles
​
Ocean freight (LCL): 5 CBM × $80 = $400
Origin charges: $500
Destination charges: $1,200
Customs clearance: $300
Duties (assume 15%): $450
​
Total shipping cost: $2,850
Cost per kg: $5.70
Cost per piece (if 500 items): $5.70

Sea Freight Transit Times

Typical Transit Times:

To United States:

• West Coast (Los Angeles, Long Beach): 14-18 days
• East Coast (New York, Savannah): 28-35 days
• Via Panama Canal: 24-30 days

To Europe:

• UK (Felixstowe, Southampton): 25-30 days
• Germany (Hamburg): 28-32 days
• Netherlands (Rotterdam): 26-30 days

To Australia:

• Sydney/Melbourne: 18-22 days
• Brisbane: 16-20 days
• Perth: 12-16 days

To Other Destinations:

• Middle East: 18-25 days
• South America: 30-45 days
• Africa: 25-40 days

Factors Affecting Transit Time:

• Port congestion (major issue in 2021-2022, improving now)
• Weather conditions
• Transshipment (transfer between vessels at intermediate ports)
• Customs delays
• Vessel scheduling

Pros and Cons of Sea Freight

Pro:

• ✅ Lowest cost per kg for large shipments
• ✅ Environmentally friendlier than air
• ✅ Can ship large volumes
• ✅ Lower fuel surcharges than air
• ✅ FCL provides security (your container, your lock)

Contro:

• ❌ Slow transit times (3-6 weeks)
• ❌ Less predictable delivery dates
• ❌ Port congestion can add weeks
• ❌ Risk of moisture damage to clothing
• ❌ Requires more inventory planning

When to Use Sea Freight

Best For:

• Orders over 500 kg or 2+ CBM
• Non-urgent inventory (planning 2+ months ahead)
• High-volume, low-margin products
• Regular replenishment of standard stock
• Seasonal inventory (order 3-4 months before season)

Not For:

• Rush orders
• High-value, low-weight items (air may be cheaper)
• Time-sensitive fashion (trend may pass)
• Small test orders (LCL minimums make it expensive)

Trasporto aereo

Air freight offers the middle ground for shipping from China—faster than sea but more economical than express for larger shipments.

How Air Freight Works

The Process:

1. Factory delivers goods to airport or freight forwarder warehouse
2. Goods consolidated with other shipments (if LCL air)
3. Security screening and customs clearance in China
4. Flight to destination airport
5. Customs clearance at destination
6. Delivery to your facility

Air Freight vs Express:

• Air freight: Airport to airport (you handle pickup)
• Air express: Door to door (courier handles everything)
• Air freight is cheaper for heavier shipments
• Express is simpler but more expensive

Air Freight Costs

Base Air Freight Rates (2026 estimates):

Standard Air Freight:

• $4.00-6.00 per kg (over 100 kg)
• $6.00-8.00 per kg (45-100 kg)
• Minimum charge: 45 kg (even if you ship 30 kg)
• Rates vary by route, season, and fuel prices

Airport to Airport vs Door to Door:

• Airport to airport: Base rate only
• Door to door: Add $1-2 per kg for pickup and delivery

Additional Air Freight Costs:

Origin Charges:

• Airport handling: $0.30-0.50 per kg
• Customs clearance: $50-150
• Security screening: $0.10-0.20 per kg
• Documentation: $50-100

Destination Charges:

• Airport handling: $0.30-0.50 per kg
• Customs clearance: $100-300
• Pickup/delivery: $50-200

Fuel Surcharge:

• Variable based on oil prices
• Typically $0.50-2.00 per kg
• Updated monthly or quarterly

Security Surcharge:

• Post-9/11 security costs
• Typically $0.10-0.30 per kg

Total Air Freight Cost Example:

Shipment: 200 kg of clothing
Route: Guangzhou to Los Angeles
​
Base air freight: 200 kg × $5.00 = $1,000
Fuel surcharge: 200 kg × $1.00 = $200
Security surcharge: 200 kg × $0.20 = $40
Origin charges: $150
Destination charges: $250
Customs clearance: $150
​
Total shipping cost: $1,790
Cost per kg: $8.95

Air Freight Transit Times

Typical Transit Times:

To United States:

• Major cities (LAX, JFK, ORD): 3-5 days
• Secondary cities: 5-7 days
• Includes flight time and customs clearance

To Europe:

• Major hubs (London, Frankfurt, Amsterdam): 3-5 days
• Secondary cities: 5-8 days

To Australia:

• Sydney/Melbourne: 2-4 days
• Other cities: 4-6 days

To Other Destinations:

• Middle East: 3-5 days
• South America: 5-7 days
• Africa: 4-6 days

Factors Affecting Transit Time:

• Flight availability and routing
• Consolidation time (if LCL)
• Customs clearance speed
• Weekend/holiday delays
• Weather

Pros and Cons of Air Freight

Pro:

• ✅ Fast transit (3-7 days total)
• ✅ More reliable schedules than sea
• ✅ Less handling (lower damage risk)
• ✅ Good for medium-weight shipments
• ✅ Better for time-sensitive inventory

Contro:

• ❌ Expensive (4-10x cost of sea freight)
• ❌ Weight restrictions
• ❌ High fuel surcharges
• ❌ Not cost-effective for large, heavy shipments
• ❌ Carbon footprint concerns

When to Use Air Freight

Best For:

• Shipments 100-500 kg
• Restocking fast-moving items
• Higher-margin products where shipping cost is manageable
• Time-sensitive inventory
• Testing new products (faster market feedback)

Not For:

• Very heavy shipments (over 500 kg, sea is cheaper)
• Low-margin products (shipping will eat all profit)
• Non-urgent inventory
• Large volume regular orders

Express Shipping (DHL, FedEx, UPS)

Express courier services offer the simplest, fastest shipping from China option for smaller shipments and urgent needs.

How Express Shipping Works

The Process:

1. Factory packages goods and calls for pickup
2. Courier picks up from factory
3. Courier handles all documentation and customs
4. Goods fly on next available flight
5. Courier clears customs at destination
6. Courier delivers to your door
7. You pay any duties/taxes upon delivery or bill to account

Simplicity: Express shipping is door-to-door. The courier handles:

• Pickup from factory
• Export customs clearance
• Air transportation
• Import customs clearance
• Delivery to your address
• Tracking throughout

Express Shipping Costs

Base Express Rates (2026 estimates):

DHL/FedEx/UPS from China:

• Documents (under 1 kg): $40-80
• Small packages (1-5 kg): $60-150
• Medium packages (5-21 kg): $8-12 per kg
• Larger shipments (21-70 kg): $6-10 per kg
• Over 70 kg: $5-8 per kg

Additional Express Costs:

Fuel Surcharge:

• 15-25% of base rate
• Updated weekly based on fuel prices
• Significant cost component

Remote Area Surcharge:

• If delivery address is outside major metro areas
• $20-40 additional
• Check with courier if your address qualifies

Residential Delivery:

• $3-5 surcharge for home delivery (vs. business)
• Some couriers include in base rate

Extended Area Surcharge:

• For very remote locations
• Can be $20-100 additional

Customs Duties and Taxes:

• Not included in shipping quote
• Paid by recipient upon delivery
• Or bill to your account if you have one

Total Express Cost Example:

Shipment: 25 kg of clothing samples
Service: DHL Express Worldwide
Route: Guangzhou to New York
​
Base rate: 25 kg × $9.00 = $225
Fuel surcharge (20%): $45
Remote area: $0 (metro delivery)
​
Total shipping: $270
Duties/taxes (estimate): $40
​
Total delivered cost: $310
Cost per kg: $12.40

Express Transit Times

DHL Express:

• Worldwide: 2-5 days
• Major cities: 2-3 days
• Remote areas: 4-6 days

FedEx International Priority:

• Worldwide: 2-4 days
• Major cities: 2-3 days
• Remote areas: 3-5 days

UPS Worldwide Express:

• Worldwide: 2-5 days
• Major cities: 2-3 days
• Remote areas: 4-6 days

Important Note: Express times are business days and exclude:

• Pickup day
• Customs clearance delays
• Weekend/holiday delays
• Remote area delivery time

Pros and Cons of Express Shipping

Pro:

• ✅ Fastest option (2-5 days)
• ✅ Door-to-door service
• ✅ Simplified customs process
• ✅ Excellent tracking
• ✅ Ideal for samples and small orders
• ✅ No need for freight forwarder

Contro:

• ❌ Most expensive option
• ❌ Not cost-effective for large shipments
• ❌ High fuel surcharges
• ❌ Weight and size limitations
• ❌ Duties collected on delivery can be surprise expense

When to Use Express Shipping

Best For:

• Samples and prototypes (under 20 kg)
• Emergency restocks
• High-value, low-weight items
• Time-critical shipments
• Test orders with new factories
• When simplicity is worth the premium

Not For:

• Regular inventory orders (too expensive)
• Heavy shipments (over 70 kg, air freight is cheaper)
• Cost-sensitive products
• Large volume orders

Image 2: Shipping Cost Comparison Chart Bar chart comparing costs for different shipping methods at various weights (10 kg, 50 kg, 100 kg, 500 kg). Show how cost per kg changes with weight for each method. Clear visual showing crossover points where one method becomes better than others.

Cost Comparison and Calculations

Understanding the true cost of shipping from China requires looking beyond base rates to include all fees and charges.

Complete Cost Breakdown by Method

Example Shipment: 100 kg of clothing

Sea Freight (LCL):

Ocean freight (1 CBM assumed): $150
Origin charges: $400
Destination charges: $1,000
Customs clearance: $250
Duties (15%): $300
Total: $2,100
Cost per kg: $21.00
Transit time: 25-30 days

Air Freight:

Base freight (100 kg × $5.50): $550
Fuel surcharge: $150
Security surcharge: $30
Origin charges: $150
Destination charges: $300
Customs clearance: $150
Duties: $300
Total: $1,630
Cost per kg: $16.30
Transit time: 5-7 days

Express (DHL):

Base rate (100 kg × $7.00): $700
Fuel surcharge (20%): $140
Origin/destination: Included
Customs clearance: Included
Duties: $300
Total: $1,140
Cost per kg: $11.40
Transit time: 3-4 days

Analysis for 100 kg: In this scenario, Express is actually cheapest per kg and fastest. However, at 200+ kg, Air Freight becomes more competitive, and at 500+ kg, Sea Freight wins on cost.

Cost Per kg by Weight

Sea Freight (LCL):

• 50 kg: $40-60 per kg (expensive due to minimums)
• 100 kg: $20-30 per kg
• 200 kg: $12-18 per kg
• 500 kg: $6-10 per kg
• 1000 kg: $4-6 per kg
• 5000 kg (FCL): $2-4 per kg

Air Freight:

• 45 kg (minimum): $12-16 per kg
• 100 kg: $8-12 per kg
• 300 kg: $6-9 per kg
• 500 kg: $5-7 per kg
• 1000 kg: $4-6 per kg

Express:

• 1 kg: $60-100 per kg
• 10 kg: $15-25 per kg
• 25 kg: $12-18 per kg
• 50 kg: $10-15 per kg
• 70 kg: $8-12 per kg

Hidden Costs to Watch For

Sea Freight Hidden Costs:

• Port congestion fees (during peak times)
• Chassis fees (for container transport)
• Peak season surcharges (August-October)
• Customs inspection fees (random inspections)
• Storage fees at port (if delayed pickup)
• Demurrage (late container return)

Air Freight Hidden Costs:

• Dimension weight pricing (if bulky but light)
• Remote area delivery
• Dangerous goods fees (if applicable)
• Reweighing fees
• Document correction fees

Express Hidden Costs:

• Residential delivery surcharge
• Address correction fees
• Extended area surcharges
• Saturday delivery fees
• Duties and taxes (often overlooked)
• Fuel surcharge fluctuations

Calculating Landed Cost

Landed Cost = Product Cost + Shipping + Insurance + Duties + Fees

Example Calculation:

Product Cost:
- 500 t-shirts at $6 each = $3,000
​
Shipping (Air Freight):
- 150 kg at $7.50 per kg = $1,125
- Origin/destination charges = $400
- Insurance (1% of value) = $30
​
Duties and Taxes:
- Duty (15% on $3,000) = $450
- Customs processing = $150
​
Total Landed Cost: $5,155
Landed Cost per Unit: $10.31

Why Landed Cost Matters:

• Sets your true inventory cost
• Determines pricing strategy
• Affects profit margins
• Compare total cost, not just product cost

Transit Time Comparison

Understanding realistic shipping from China transit times helps you plan inventory and avoid stockouts.

Door-to-Door Transit Times

To United States:

To Europe:

To Australia:

Factors That Delay Shipments

Common Delays:

Sea Freight:

• Port congestion (major issue during peak season)
• Weather delays
• Vessel scheduling changes
• Customs inspections
• Documentation errors

Air Freight:

• Flight cancellations/schedule changes
• Security screening delays
• Consolidation delays (if LCL)
• Customs holds
• Weather

Express:

• Customs clearance delays
• Address issues
• Weather
• High volume periods (holidays)
• Incorrect documentation

Building in Buffer Time

Always add buffer time to quoted transit times:

Sea Freight:

• Add 7-14 days to quoted time
• Account for port congestion
• Allow time for customs clearance
• Plan for potential delays

Air Freight:

• Add 2-3 days to quoted time
• Account for consolidation if LCL
• Allow for customs clearance
• Weekend/holiday delays

Express:

• Add 1-2 days to quoted time
• Account for customs delays
• Address correction time
• Weekend delivery limitations

Planning Formula:

Expected Delivery = Quoted Transit Time + Buffer + Production Time
​
Esempio:
- Production time: 30 days
- Quoted sea freight: 25 days
- Buffer: 10 days
- Total from order: 65 days
​
Plan to order 75 days before you need inventory

Image 3: Transit Time Comparison Map World map showing major shipping routes from China with transit times indicated. Color-code routes by method: blue for sea, red for air, green for express. Include major ports and airports.

How to Choose the Right Shipping Method

Selecting the optimal shipping from China method requires balancing multiple factors specific to your situation.

Decision Matrix

Use This Framework:

Decision Scenarios

Scenario 1: First Order from New Factory

• Order: 200 pieces (100 kg) test order
• Timeline: Want to evaluate quality before committing
• Budget: Cost-conscious but speed matters
• Decision: Trasporto aereo
• Reason: Fast enough to evaluate quickly, cheaper than express, sea too slow for test

Scenario 2: Seasonal Inventory Restock

• Order: 2,000 pieces (1,000 kg) for summer season
• Timeline: Need in 2 months
• Budget: Cost is major factor
• Decision: Trasporto marittimo
• Reason: Large volume, non-urgent, significant cost savings over air

Scenario 3: Emergency Stockout

• Order: 500 pieces (250 kg) bestseller
• Timeline: Out of stock now, losing sales daily
• Budget: Willing to pay premium
• Decision: Express
• Reason: Speed is critical, worth the extra cost to resume sales

Scenario 4: Regular Replenishment

• Order: 1,000 pieces (500 kg) monthly restock
• Timeline: Regular schedule, 3 weeks acceptable
• Budget: Balanced approach
• Decision: Trasporto aereo
• Reason: Good balance of speed and cost for regular medium shipments

Scenario 5: Sample Order

• Order: 20 samples (15 kg)
• Timeline: Need for photos/marketing next week
• Budget: Small shipment anyway
• Decision: Express
• Reason: Simplicity and speed worth it for small samples

Cost-Benefit Analysis Formula

Calculate Break-Even:

Additional Revenue from Faster Shipping = Cost Difference
​
Esempio:
- Sea freight: $1,000, 30 days
- Air freight: $3,000, 7 days
- Difference: $2,000
- Time saved: 23 days
​
If you sell 50 units per day at $50 profit each:
- 23 days × 50 units × $50 = $57,500 potential profit
- $2,000 extra shipping cost is justified
​
If you sell 2 units per day at $20 profit each:
- 23 days × 2 units × $20 = $920 potential profit
- $2,000 extra shipping cost NOT justified

Questions to Ask Yourself

Before Choosing Shipping Method:

1. When do I absolutely need this inventory?
   • If 3+ weeks away: Consider sea
   • If 1-2 weeks: Air freight
   • If less than 1 week: Express
2. What’s my stock situation?
   • Well-stocked: Sea freight OK
   • Running low: Air freight
   • Out of stock: Express
3. What’s my margin on this product?
   • High margin (50%+): Can afford faster shipping
   • Low margin (20-30%): Need cheapest option (sea)
   • Medium margin: Balance cost and speed
4. How much am I shipping?
   • Under 100 kg: Express
   • 100-500 kg: Air freight
   • Over 500 kg: Sea freight (unless urgent)
5. Is this a test order or proven product?
   • Test order: Express or air (fast feedback)
   • Proven product: Sea or air (based on timeline)
6. What’s my cash flow situation?
   • Tight cash flow: Sea (lower upfront cost)
   • Healthy cash flow: Air (faster inventory turnover)

Working with Freight Forwarders

Freight forwarders are logistics experts who can simplify shipping from China and often secure better rates than you can get directly.

What is a Freight Forwarder?

A freight forwarder is a company that arranges shipping on your behalf. They:

• Book space with carriers (ocean lines, airlines)
• Handle documentation and customs
• Arrange pickup and delivery
• Consolidate shipments
• Provide tracking and visibility
• Navigate regulatory requirements

Think of them as: Your shipping department without the overhead

When to Use a Freight Forwarder

Definitely Use For:

• Sea freight (complex documentation and processes)
• Regular shipments (they can negotiate better rates)
• Multiple supplier consolidation
• Complicated destinations
• If you’re new to importing

Maybe Use For:

• Air freight (simpler but they can still help)
• One-time large shipments
• When you need insurance

Skip For:

• Express shipping (couriers handle everything)
• Very small samples
• If you have in-house logistics expertise

Choosing a Freight Forwarder

Types of Forwarders:

Large Global Forwarders:

• DHL Global Forwarding
• Kuehne+Nagel
• DB Schenker
• Expeditors
• Pro: Global network, sophisticated systems, stable
• Contro: Higher costs, less personal service

Mid-Size Specialists:

• Regional or niche specialists
• Often China-import specialists
• Pro: Better rates, personalized service, expertise
• Contro: Smaller network, may lack technology

China-Based Forwarders:

• Companies based in China/Hong Kong
• Pro: Very competitive rates, China expertise
• Contro: Communication challenges, less accountability

Questions to Ask Potential Forwarders:

1. What experience do you have with clothing/apparel?
2. What are your rates for [your specific route]?
3. Do you offer consolidation services?
4. How do you handle customs clearance?
5. What tracking do you provide?
6. Quali sono i termini di pagamento?
7. Can you provide references?
8. What insurance do you offer?
9. How do you handle problems/delays?
10. Are there any hidden fees?

Freight Forwarder Costs

Typical Forwarder Fees:

Documentation Fee: $50-150

• Preparing shipping documents
• Bill of lading processing

Handling Fee: $50-200

• Coordinating shipment
• Communication with carriers

Customs Clearance: $100-300

• Export clearance in China
• Import clearance at destination

Communication/Admin: $25-75

• Phone calls, emails, tracking

Total Forwarder Cost: $225-725 per shipment

Value They Provide:

• Better carrier rates (often 10-20% below what you’d pay)
• Expertise in documentation (prevents costly errors)
• Problem resolution
• Time savings
• Risk reduction

Building Relationship with Forwarder

Best Practices:

Start Small:

• Test with one shipment
• Evaluate service quality
• Build trust gradually

Provide Consistent Volume:

• Forwarders prioritize regular customers
• Better rates for committed volume
• Preferred treatment during peak times

Communicate Clearly:

• Provide accurate shipment details
• Share your timeline requirements
• Alert them to special requirements

Pay Promptly:

• Forwarders have tight margins
• Prompt payment builds goodwill
• May get better terms over time

Customs Clearance Essentials

Understanding customs is critical for smooth shipping from China operations.

Required Documentation

For All Shipments:

Commercial Invoice:

• Seller and buyer information
• Description of goods
• Value of goods
• Paese di origine
• Currency
• Terms of sale (FOB, CIF, etc.)

Packing List:

• Detailed list of items in shipment
• Quantities
• Weights and dimensions
• Carton numbers

Bill of Lading (Sea) or Air Waybill (Air):

• Contract between shipper and carrier
• Proof of shipment
• Title document (for sea freight)

Certificate of Origin:

• States where goods manufactured
• Required for duty calculations
• May affect duty rates under trade agreements

Additional Documents (Sometimes Required):

Import License:

• Required for certain products
• Check your country’s regulations

Textile Declaration:

• Some countries require for clothing
• States fiber content

Fumigation Certificate:

• For wooden packaging materials
• ISPM-15 compliance

Product Testing Reports:

• May be required for children’s wear
• Safety certifications

Customs Duties and Taxes

Types of Charges:

Customs Duties:

• Percentage of product value
• Varies by product type and country
• Clothing typically 10-20%
• Based on HS (Harmonized System) code

Import VAT/Tax:

• Applied in many countries
• EU: 20% average VAT
• UK: 20% VAT
• Australia: 10% GST
• US: No federal VAT (state sales tax may apply)

Customs Processing Fees:

• Fixed fee for processing
• US: Merchandise Processing Fee (MPF) ~0.35%
• UK: £25-50 handling fee
• EU: Varies by country

Example Duty Calculation:

Shipment value: $5,000
Duty rate (15%): $750
VAT (20% on $5,750): $1,150
Processing fee: $100
​
Total duties/taxes: $2,000 (40% of product value)

HS Codes for Clothing

Harmonized System Codes classify products for customs:

Common Clothing HS Codes:

• 6109: T-shirts, singlets (knitted)
• 6110: Sweaters, pullovers (knitted)
• 6203: Men’s suits, jackets (not knitted)
• 6204: Women’s suits, jackets (not knitted)
• 6104: Women’s dresses (knitted)
• 6205: Men’s shirts (not knitted)
• 6206: Women’s blouses (not knitted)
• 6103: Men’s suits (knitted)
• 6107: Men’s underwear (knitted)
• 6108: Women’s underwear (knitted)

Correct Classification Matters:

• Determines duty rate
• Incorrect classification can result in penalties
• Get professional help if unsure

Customs Clearance Process

Step 1: Arrival at Port/Airport

• Shipment arrives and is unloaded
• Held in customs area

Step 2: Entry Filing

• Customs broker files entry documentation
• Declares goods, value, classification
• Pays estimated duties

Step 3: Customs Review

• Customs examines documentation
• May select for physical inspection
• Determines if duties are correct

Step 4: Examination (if selected)

• Physical inspection of goods
• Verify description matches documentation
• Check for prohibited items

Step 5: Release

• Customs approves entry
• Goods released for delivery
• Final duty assessment made

Timeline:

• Sea freight: 2-7 days
• Air freight: 1-3 days
• Express: Usually cleared overnight

Avoiding Customs Delays

Common Causes of Delays:

• Incomplete or incorrect documentation
• Undervaluation (suspicious low values)
• Missing paperwork
• Random inspections
• Held for duty payment

Best Practices:

• Provide accurate, complete documentation
• Declare true value (don’t undervalue)
• Use experienced customs broker
• Respond promptly to customs inquiries
• Ensure HS codes are correct
• Pay duties promptly

Reducing Shipping Costs

Strategic approaches to minimize shipping from China expenses without compromising delivery.

Consolidation Strategies

Supplier Consolidation:

• Combine orders from multiple suppliers into one shipment
• Forwarder can consolidate at origin
• Saves on per-shipment fees
• Better rates due to larger volume

Example Savings:

3 separate air freight shipments:
- Shipment 1: 50 kg at $8/kg = $400
- Shipment 2: 75 kg at $7.50/kg = $562
- Shipment 3: 100 kg at $7/kg = $700
- Total: $1,662
​
Consolidated shipment:
- Combined: 225 kg at $6/kg = $1,350
- Savings: $312 (19%)

Time Consolidation:

• Wait until you have full container (FCL) instead of LCL
• FCL often cheaper per CBM than LCL
• Reduces per-shipment fees

Packaging Optimization

Dimensional Weight: Air freight and express charge by dimensional weight if it exceeds actual weight:

Dimensional Weight = (Length × Width × Height) / Divisor
​
Air freight divisor: 6,000 (cm) or 166 (inches)
Express divisor: 5,000 (cm) or 139 (inches)
​
Esempio:
Box: 50cm × 40cm × 30cm = 60,000 cm³
Dimensional weight: 60,000 / 5,000 = 12 kg
Actual weight: 8 kg
Charged weight: 12 kg (dimensional wins)

Packaging Tips:

• Use vacuum packing for clothing (reduces volume)
• Optimize box sizes to minimize empty space
• Avoid oversized packaging
• Consider flat packing vs. hanging

Potential Savings: 10-30% reduction in shipping costs

Route and Timing Optimization

Choose Less Busy Routes:

• Less popular ports may offer better rates
• Consider inland ports vs. major hubs
• May add 2-3 days but save 10-20%

Off-Peak Shipping:

• Avoid peak season (August-October)
• Ship January-March for best sea freight rates
• Tuesday-Thursday flights often cheaper

Book in Advance:

• Early booking secures better rates
• Last-minute bookings pay premiums
• Plan seasonal inventory 3-4 months ahead

Negotiating with Carriers

Volume Commitments:

• Commit to annual volume for better rates
• Negotiate contracts with carriers or forwarders
• Loyalty often rewarded with discounts

Multiple Quote Comparison:

• Get quotes from 3-4 forwarders
• Use competition to negotiate
• Don’t just accept first quote

Hybrid Approaches:

• Split shipments (sea for bulk, air for urgent)
• Use different methods for different products
• Optimize based on product velocity

Insurance Considerations

When to Insure:

• High-value shipments
• Fragile items
• New, unproven shipping routes
• During peak season (higher risk)

When to Self-Insure:

• Low-value shipments
• Established, reliable routes
• Small test orders
• If you have overall cargo insurance policy

Costo: Typically 0.5-2% of shipment value

FAQ: Shipping from China Questions Answered

How long does shipping from China take?

Shipping from China transit times vary by method and destination:

To United States:

• Express (DHL/FedEx/UPS): 3-5 days door-to-door
• Air Freight: 5-8 days (includes customs)
• Sea Freight: 18-35 days depending on coast

To Europe:

• Express: 3-5 giorni
• Air Freight: 4-6 days
• Sea Freight: 25-35 giorni

To Australia:

• Express: 2-4 giorni
• Air Freight: 3-5 giorni
• Sea Freight: 15-22 days

Important: Add 2-5 days for customs clearance at destination. Peak seasons (August-October) can add 1-2 weeks to sea freight.

How much does it cost to ship from China?

Shipping from China costs depend on method, weight, and destination:

Sea Freight (LCL):

• $50-150 per cubic meter
• Minimum charge: 1 CBM
• Example: 200 kg (1 CBM) to USA = $400-800

Sea Freight (FCL):

• 20-foot container: $1,500-3,000
• 40-foot container: $2,500-5,000
• Best for large volumes (500+ kg)

Air Freight:

• $4-8 per kg
• Minimum charge: 45 kg
• Example: 100 kg to Europe = $500-800

Express:

• $6-12 per kg for shipments over 21 kg
• $60-150 for small packages (1-5 kg)
• Most expensive but fastest

Remember: These are base rates. Add origin charges, destination charges, customs duties (10-20% for clothing), and fuel surcharges (15-25% for air/express).

What’s the cheapest way to ship from China?

Sea freight (ocean shipping) is the cheapest way for shipping from China, especially for large volumes:

Cost Comparison per kg (USA destination):

• Sea freight: $2-6 per kg (for 500+ kg)
• Air freight: $6-10 per kg
• Express: $8-15 per kg

When Sea Freight is Cheapest:

• Shipments over 200 kg
• Non-urgent inventory
• Planning 4-6 weeks ahead
• High-volume, low-margin products

When Sea Freight Isn’t Best:

• Urgent orders (air or express needed)
• Very small shipments (express minimums may be cheaper)
• High-value, low-weight items (air may be comparable)

Money-Saving Tips:

1. Book FCL (full container) when possible
2. Ship during off-peak season (January-March)
3. Use freight forwarder for better rates
4. Consolidate multiple orders
5. Optimize packaging to reduce volume

Should I use a freight forwarder?

Yes, use a freight forwarder for most shipments. They provide significant value:

Benefits of Freight Forwarders:

• Better carrier rates (10-20% below retail)
• Handle all documentation
• Navigate customs clearance
• Provide insurance options
• Offer consolidation services
• Problem resolution expertise
• Save you time and headaches

When You MUST Use a Forwarder:

• Sea freight (too complex for DIY)
• First-time importing
• Large or valuable shipments
• Multiple suppliers to consolidate
• Complicated destinations

When You Can Skip Forwarder:

• Express shipments (DHL/FedEx handle everything)
• Very small samples
• If you have logistics expertise in-house
• Direct express booking online

Costo: Forwarder fees ($200-700) are usually offset by:

• Better shipping rates they secure
• Avoiding costly mistakes
• Time savings
• Peace of mind

What’s the difference between FOB and CIF?

FOB (franco a bordo) e CIF (Costo, assicurazione, trasporto) are Incoterms that define who pays for shipping from China:

FOB (Free On Board):

• Factory delivers goods to Chinese port
• Factory loads goods onto vessel
• You pay for: Ocean freight, insurance, destination charges
• Pro: Control over shipping, often cheaper
• Contro: More complexity, need to arrange shipping

CIF (Costo, Assicurazione, Trasporto):

• Factory pays to ship goods to your destination port
• You pay for: Destination port fees, customs, delivery
• Pro: Simpler, factory handles main shipping
• Contro: Usually more expensive, less control

Example Cost Split:

FOB Terms:
- Factory: $100 (delivery to port)
- You: $1,500 (ocean freight + insurance + destination)
​
CIF Terms:
- Factory: $1,400 (delivery + freight + insurance)
- You: $200 (destination port + customs)

Which to Choose:

• FOB: If you have freight forwarder or shipping expertise
• CIF: If you want simplicity and don’t mind paying more
• FOB is usually better value for experienced importers

How do I track my shipment from China?

Tracking depends on shipping method:

Express (DHL, FedEx, UPS):

• Tracking number provided by factory
• Track on courier’s website
• Real-time updates
• Most reliable tracking

Air Freight:

• Air waybill number (11 digits)
• Track on airline cargo website
• Updates at major milestones
• Freight forwarder can provide updates

Sea Freight:

• Container number or bill of lading number
• Track on shipping line website (Maersk, MSC, etc.)
• Updates less frequent (every few days)
• Freight forwarder provides best tracking

Tracking Websites:

• 17Track.net: Universal tracking (multiple carriers)
• ParcelsApp.com: Another universal tracker
• Shipping line websites: For sea freight
• Forwarder portal: If using freight forwarder

What Tracking Shows:

• Pickup from factory
• Departure from origin
• Arrival at destination
• Customs clearance status
• Out for delivery

Do I need shipping insurance?

Shipping insurance is recommended for shipping from China when:

Definitely Insure:

• Shipment value over $5,000
• Fragile or high-value items
• First shipment with new factory
• During peak season (higher loss risk)
• Sea freight (longer exposure time)

Consider Insuring:

• Medium-value shipments ($1,000-5,000)
• Air freight (safer but not risk-free)
• New shipping routes

Can Self-Insure:

• Low-value test orders
• Established routes with good track record
• If you have overall cargo policy
• When you can absorb potential loss

Insurance Cost:

• Typically 0.5-2% of shipment value
• Example: 50-200 insurance
• Available through freight forwarder or third-party

What Insurance Covers:

• Physical loss of goods
• Damage during transit
• Theft
• Some policies cover delays

What Insurance Doesn’t Cover:

• Customs seizure (if improper documentation)
• Damage from improper packaging
• Consequential damages (lost profits)
• War or terrorism (may need separate coverage)

How can I avoid customs delays?

To avoid customs delays when shipping from China:

Documentation:

• Provide complete, accurate paperwork
• Ensure commercial invoice matches packing list
• Use correct HS codes
• Declare true value (don’t undervalue)
• Include all required certificates

Working with Professionals:

• Use experienced customs broker
• Work with knowledgeable freight forwarder
• Ask factory for proper export documentation
• Consult customs attorney if high-value or complex

Best Practices:

• Respond promptly to customs inquiries
• Pay duties immediately when assessed
• Use consistent shipper/consignee names
• Build relationship with customs broker
• Allow buffer time for clearance

Common Causes of Delays:

• Incomplete documentation
• Undervaluation suspicions
• Missing certificates
• Random inspections
• High-risk country of origin

Timeline Expectations:

• Express: Usually clears overnight
• Air freight: 1-2 days
• Sea freight: 2-5 days
• Add time if selected for inspection

Conclusione

Masterizzazione shipping from China is essential for clothing brand profitability. The right shipping method can mean the difference between healthy margins and losses, between stockouts and satisfied customers.

Key Takeaways:

Choose Based on Your Situation:

• Large, non-urgent orders → Sea freight
• Medium, time-sensitive → Air freight
• Small, urgent → Express

Calculate True Costs:

• Include all fees, not just base rates
• Factor in duties and taxes
• Consider landed cost, not just shipping cost

Plan Ahead:

• Sea freight requires 4-6 week lead time
• Build buffer time into planning
• Avoid rush shipping when possible

Build Relationships:

• Find reliable freight forwarder
• Negotiate rates with volume commitments
• Work with experienced partners

Optimize Continuously:

• Review shipping methods regularly
• Consolidate when possible
• Optimize packaging
• Track and analyze costs

Your shipping strategy action plan:

1. Calculate true landed costs for your typical orders
2. Evaluate which shipping method optimizes cost vs. speed for each product
3. Find 2-3 freight forwarders and get quotes
4. Plan seasonal inventory with shipping times in mind
5. Review and optimize quarterly

Start optimizing your shipping today. Every dollar saved on logistics goes straight to your bottom line, and every day of faster delivery improves customer satisfaction.

Need help with shipping strategy? Contatto Algo Bert Fashion for logistics consulting. We can help you find the right freight forwarders, optimize your shipping methods, and reduce your landed costs.

Risorse correlate:

• Payment Terms for Clothing Manufacturing
• How to Negotiate with Chinese Factories
• Customs and Duties Guide